后缀是一种重要的构词法,通过后缀常常可以判断出一个词的词性。一个英语单词可以分为三个部分:前缀(prefix),词根(stem)及后缀(suffix)。单词中位于词根前面的部分就是前缀。前缀,可以改变单词的意思。在语言学里,后缀,又称词尾,是一种后置于其他词素后的词缀。
名词解释
以英语为例:Verb(动词)+ -ment( 后缀)—> Noun(名词):借由后缀 -ment 的使用,使原本的动词词素转为名词,为语言的衍生,是后缀的一种用途
后缀是置于单词或词干后用于构成新词的一个或一组音节。也就是说,用作一种词类的词,例如名词经添加后缀之后可以转变为不同的词类,例如形容词。
后缀类型
名词
常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下:
-ster,-eer,-er(or) 意为:从事某种职业或参与某种活动的人(person engaged in an occupation or activity)例词:gamester,gangster,songster,engineer,profiteer,mountaineer,auctioneer,driver,teacher,director,actor,professor
-let 意为:小或者不重要的东西(small,unimportant things)例词:booklet,leaflet,starlet
-ette 意为:1)小的东西(small)例词:cigarette 2)假的东西(imitation)例词:leatherette,usherette
-ess 意为:女性(female)例词:actress,poetess,hostess,paintress
-hood 意为:时期(status;etc.)例词:boyhood,childhood,manhood
-ship 意为:才能,状态,资格,品质等(skill,state,condition,status,quality)例词:leadership,friendship,membership,lectureship,sportsmanship
-ful 意为:量(the amount which noun contains)例词:cupful,handful, mouthful,spoonful
-tion,-ion 意为:1)状态,行动等(state;action;etc.)例词:action,oppression,possession,education,starva- tion 2)机构等(institution;etc.)例词: organization,foundation
-ment 意为:状态,行动等(state; action;etc.)例词:movement,enslavement,pavement
-al 意为:动作(action)例词:arrival,refusal,revival,recital,removal
-age 意为:程度,数量等(extent; amount;etc.)例词:wastage,coverage, acreage,shrinkage,breakage,hostage
-ness;-ity(ty) 意为:状态,品质(state;quality;etc.)例词:happiness, usefulness,selfishness,kindness,rapidity,activity,sanity,changeability
-ism 意为:道义,主义,学说等(doctrine of,practice of)例词:idealism, impressionism,absenteeism,racism
-ist 意为:拥护某种主义的人,某种学科专家等(the person who support the doctrine,the person who is good at the practice)例词:idealist, impressionist,absenteeist,racist
1.
-ster,-eer,-er(or)
2.
-let
3.
-ette
4.
-ess
5.
-hood
6.
-ship
7.
-ful
8.
-tion,-ion
9.
-ment
10.
-al
11.
-age
12.
-ness;-ity(ty)
13.
-ism
14.
-ist
动词
使一个词变为动词的后缀。
常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下:
-ify 意为:转为,变为(to turn into,to make or become)例词:beautify, diversify,simplify
-ize;-en 意为:使……,变得……(to make or become ;to make into)例词:modernize,popularize,legalize,hospitalize,symbolize,ripen,widen,heighten,threaten
-ate 意为:增加,使……听写(give or add,make or become)例词:originate, hydrogenate,validate,differentiate
1.
-ify
2.
-ize;-en
3.
-ate
形容词
常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下:
-ful 意为:充满,有(full of;hav- ing;giving;etc.)例词:useful,pitiful, hopeful,careful,helpful,forgetful,thankful, fearful
-less 意为:没有,无(without;not giving)例词:speechless,childless,harmless,hopeless,meaningless ,homeless
-ly 意为:有……品质的(having the qualities of)例词:beastly,manly, brotherly,friendly
-like 意为:像……的(like)例词: childlike,statesmanlike,tiger-like
-y;-ish 意为:像……一般的(somewhat like)例词:meaty,sandy, silky,hairy,leafy,watery,foolish,girlish,blackish,thinnish
-some 意为:像……一样的;引起……的;有……品质的(like;causing; having the quality of)例词:troublesome,burdensome,wholesome,tiresome,bothersome
-able(ible) 意为:能……的;可以……的(able to be ;capable)例词: changeable,reliable,readable,drinkable,comfortable,expansible,convincible
-ed 意为:有……的(having,etc.)例词:wooded,pointed,moneyed, odd-shaped
-al 意为:有……属性的,……类型的(nature of,typical of)例词:cultural,personal,regional,musical
-ary(ory) 意为:属于……的,与……相连的(belonging to;connected with)例词:revolutionary,imaginary, contradictory
-ous 意为:富含……的;有……品质的;像……的(full of;having the quality of;like)例词:glorious,erroneous,malicious,gracious,dangerous
-ic(ical) 意为:……类的;属于……的(typical of;belonging to)例词: historic,historical,methodic,methodical,dramatic,heroic
-ive 意为:有……属性的;有某种倾向的(having the nature or quality of;given or tending to)例词:attractive, talkative,restrictive,defensive,preventive,constructive,sensitive
1.
-ful
2.
-less
3.
-ly
4.
-like 意为:像……的(like)例词: childlike,statesmanlike,tiger-like
5.
-y;-ish
6.
-some
7.
-able
8.
-ed
9.
-al
10.
-ary
11.
-ous
12.
-ic
13.
-ive
副词
常见的此类后缀及其具体含义如下:
-ly 意为:以……方式(in a...manner;etc.)例词:happily, boldly,attentive- ly,strangely
-ward(s) 意为:表示方式或动作的方向(manner and direction of movement)例词:onward(s),backward(s),earthward(s),homeward(s),eastward(s)
-wise 意为:1)按照……方式(in the manner of)例词:crabwise,clockwise2)就……而言(as far as...is concerned)例词:weatherwise ,educationwise
以ly后缀结尾的副词,比较级都是+more,如more carefully,more usefully最高级+most 如most carefully,most usefully
1.
-ly
2.
-ward
3.
-wise
4.
ly
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